VAT Calculator
Add or remove VAT from any price. Works for UK, EU, UAE, India (GST) and all VAT rates.
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Quick answer
To add VAT, multiply the net price by 1 plus the rate: £100 at 20% is £120. To remove VAT from a gross price, divide by the same factor: £120 ÷ 1.20 = £100 net, so the VAT is £20, not £24. Standard rates in 2026: UK 20%, Germany 19%, France 20%, Italy 22%, Spain 21%, Ireland 23%, Sweden and Denmark 25%, UAE 5%, Saudi Arabia 15%, South Africa 15%, India GST 18% standard (5% merit, 40% luxury), Australia GST 10%, Singapore GST 9%.
VAT and GST rates by country, 2026
Standard rate first, then the reduced or zero rates that apply to food, books, medicine, hotels or transport depending on the country. Pick a country in the calculator to load its rates. Checked October 2026; rates move, usually in January or July, so verify with the tax authority before invoicing.
| Country | Tax | Standard | Reduced / other | VAT on 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | VAT | 20% | 5%, 0% | 20.00 |
| Ireland | VAT | 23% | 13.5%, 9%, 4.8% | 23.00 |
| Germany | VAT | 19% | 7% | 19.00 |
| France | VAT | 20% | 10%, 5.5%, 2.1% | 20.00 |
| Italy | VAT | 22% | 10%, 5%, 4% | 22.00 |
| Spain | VAT | 21% | 10%, 4% | 21.00 |
| Netherlands | VAT | 21% | 9% | 21.00 |
| Belgium | VAT | 21% | 12%, 6% | 21.00 |
| Austria | VAT | 20% | 13%, 10% | 20.00 |
| Portugal | VAT | 23% | 13%, 6% | 23.00 |
| Poland | VAT | 23% | 8%, 5% | 23.00 |
| Sweden | VAT | 25% | 12%, 6% | 25.00 |
| Denmark | VAT | 25% | none | 25.00 |
| Norway | VAT | 25% | 15%, 12% | 25.00 |
| Finland | VAT | 25.5% | 13.5%, 10% | 25.50 |
| Estonia | VAT | 24% | 13%, 9% | 24.00 |
| Slovakia | VAT | 23% | 19%, 5% | 23.00 |
| Switzerland | VAT | 8.1% | 3.8%, 2.6% | 8.10 |
| Turkey | VAT | 20% | 10%, 1% | 20.00 |
| Israel | VAT | 18% | none | 18.00 |
| India | GST | 18% | 5%, 40% (5% merit, 18% standard, 40% luxury and sin goods since 22 Sep 2025) | 18.00 |
| Pakistan | Sales tax | 18% | none | 18.00 |
| Bangladesh | VAT | 15% | 7.5%, 5% | 15.00 |
| United Arab Emirates | VAT | 5% | 0% | 5.00 |
| Saudi Arabia | VAT | 15% | 0% | 15.00 |
| Egypt | VAT | 14% | 5% | 14.00 |
| South Africa | VAT | 15% | 0% | 15.00 |
| Nigeria | VAT | 7.5% | none | 7.50 |
| Kenya | VAT | 16% | 8% | 16.00 |
| Australia | GST | 10% | 0% | 10.00 |
| New Zealand | GST | 15% | none | 15.00 |
| Singapore | GST | 9% | 0% | 9.00 |
| Japan | Consumption tax | 10% | 8% | 10.00 |
| China | VAT | 13% | 9%, 6% | 13.00 |
| Philippines | VAT | 12% | none | 12.00 |
| Indonesia | VAT | 11% | 12% (12% on luxury goods) | 11.00 |
| Canada (federal GST) | GST/HST | 5% | 13%, 15% (HST 13% Ontario, 15% Atlantic provinces; Quebec adds QST) | 5.00 |
| Mexico | IVA | 16% | 0% | 16.00 |
Sources: national tax authorities and the European Commission VAT rates database as compiled by VATupdate (July 2026) and the Tax Foundation; India GST slabs from the GST Council decision of 3 September 2025, effective 22 September 2025 (as reported by New Zealand MFAT, January 2026). The United States has no VAT; state and local sales tax applies instead.
The two formulas people mix up
Net = Gross ÷ (1 + rate)
VAT in a gross price = Gross × rate ÷ (100 + rate)
The common mistake is taking 20% off a gross price to find the net. A £120 receipt at 20% VAT does not contain £24 of tax; it contains £20, because the tax was 20% of the £100 net, not 20% of £120. The shortcut for 20% is to divide the gross by 6: £120 ÷ 6 = £20 VAT. At 25% divide by 5, at 5% divide by 21, at 10% divide by 11. The calculator's "Remove VAT from total" mode does the division for any rate.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is VAT and who pays it?
VAT (Value Added Tax) is a consumption tax applied at each stage of production. Businesses collect VAT on sales and reclaim VAT on purchases. Consumers ultimately pay VAT as it is included in the final price. Most countries use VAT or a similar goods and services tax (GST).
What are common VAT rates in Europe?
Standard EU VAT rates: UK 20%, Germany 19%, France 20%, Italy 22%, Spain 21%, Netherlands 21%, Ireland 23%, Sweden 25%. Reduced rates apply to food, books and children's items. Zero rates apply to exports. The EU requires a minimum standard VAT rate of 15%.
Can I reclaim VAT as a business?
VAT-registered businesses can reclaim VAT paid on business purchases (input tax) against VAT collected on sales (output tax). If input tax exceeds output tax, HMRC/tax authority refunds the difference. Small businesses below the registration threshold (£90,000 in UK) may not need to register.
Adding and removing VAT at common rates
VAT is charged on top of the net price: gross = net x (1 + rate). To remove it from a gross price, divide by (1 + rate); do not subtract the percentage, which overstates the VAT. The table shows both directions at rates used across Europe and the Gulf.
| Rate | Where (standard rate) | Net $100 becomes | Gross $100 contains VAT of | Net inside gross $100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5% | UAE, Saudi Arabia (15% since 2020), Canada GST | $105.00 | $4.76 | $95.24 |
| 10% | Australia GST, Japan (10%), Bahrain | $110.00 | $9.09 | $90.91 |
| 19% | Germany, Cyprus, Romania | $119.00 | $15.97 | $84.03 |
| 20% | United Kingdom, France, Austria, Bulgaria | $120.00 | $16.67 | $83.33 |
| 21% | Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Czechia | $121.00 | $17.36 | $82.64 |
| 25% | Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Croatia | $125.00 | $20.00 | $80.00 |
Saudi Arabia raised its rate from 5% to 15% in 2020; the 5% row applies to the UAE, Oman and Canada's federal GST. Reduced rates apply to food, books, children's items and other categories in most countries.
Worked example
A UK invoice for consulting at £2,400 net: VAT at 20% is £480, gross £2,880. A receipt in Sweden showing 1,250 kr including 25% VAT: net = 1,250 / 1.25 = 1,000 kr and VAT = 250 kr. The common mistake is 1,250 x 25% = 312.50, which is wrong because the 25% applies to the net amount, not the gross. The VAT fraction for 25% is 1/5 of the gross; for 20% it is 1/6; for 19% it is 19/119.
Reduced and zero rates
The UK charges 5% on domestic energy and 0% on most food, books and children's clothing. Germany charges 7% on food, books and hotel stays. France has 10% on restaurants and 5.5% on food. Sweden charges 12% on food and restaurants and 6% on books, newspapers and passenger transport. Zero-rated means VAT is charged at 0% and the seller can still reclaim input VAT; exempt (insurance, most financial services, residential rent) means no VAT and no reclaim.
Businesses and reclaiming
A VAT-registered business charges output VAT on sales and reclaims input VAT on purchases, paying the difference to the tax authority each quarter or month. A business buying £10,000 of goods (£2,000 VAT) and selling them for £16,000 (£3,200 VAT) pays £1,200. VAT is therefore a cost only to the final consumer and to exempt businesses. Registration thresholds: £90,000 of taxable turnover in the UK, €25,000 in Germany, 120,000 kr in Sweden; many businesses register voluntarily below the threshold to reclaim input VAT.
Cross-border rules
Goods sold to a VAT-registered business in another EU country are zero-rated by the seller and the buyer accounts for VAT at home (reverse charge). Sales to consumers in other EU countries are taxed at the customer's country rate above a €10,000 annual threshold, reported through the One Stop Shop. Visitors from outside the EU can reclaim VAT on goods taken home through the retail export scheme in most member states; the UK ended its scheme in 2021.